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題 名 | 明清科舉取士「重首場」現象的探討=The Test in Eight-legged Essay Composition: A Study on Its Ascendance in the Ming-Qing Imperial Examinations |
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作 者 | 侯美珍; | 書刊名 | 臺大中文學報 |
卷 期 | 23 民94.12 |
頁 次 | 頁323-325+327-368 |
分類號 | 573.441 |
關鍵詞 | 八股文; 明清科舉; 經學; 四書; 三場; Eight-legged essay; Ming-Qing imperial examination; Jing Xue; Four Books; Three tests; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 明清科舉取士,鄉、會試向分三場試士,首場試以經義,經義文於明成化以後定型,即所謂的八股文。《四庫》館臣曾責有明一代偏重首場時文,而致二、三場之試徒為虛文。然考有清一代,仍不免重蹈明代之覆轍,雖清廷屢次申誠,截至清末科舉「雖分三場,而只重首場」的現象依然存在。 在本文中,筆者透過明清科舉文獻的考察,首先概述三場考試的內容、首場所試內容的更易。續將呈現明、清科舉考試中,三場相較,「重首場」;時文七篇相較,重《四書》義的情形,並深究「重首場」的流弊為何。從三場制度的設計、文體的性質、考官的因素、閱卷的規定、閱卷的時間等多方面,說明「重首場」的原因,並解釋何以屢經申飭、呼籲,卻無法矯枉之故。本課題的研究,期能藉由「重首場」相關問題的探討,深化對於明清經學與科舉文化的認識。 |
英文摘要 | The imperial examination system in Ming-Qing China divided the examinations into three sessions. The primary session consisted of a test in eight-legged essay composition. For a long time, scholars from the Ssu-ku guan ( 四庫館 ) had criticized this arrangement, which, according to them, over-emphasized the test in eight-legged essay composition and, as a result, turned the other two into a matter of formality. Throughout the Qing times, while calls for a reform had been repeatedly sounded by certain officials, the state of the affairs remained unchanged. In this paper, I will first describe the essential contents of the three tests. I will also trace the modify-cations they went through during the Ming-Qing periods. This is followed by a discussion on the negative effects resulting from the over-emphasis on the composition test. In doing so, I will also consider the various factors which went into the making, as well as the perpetuation, of the three-test format. These include: the criteria of grading, writing styles, the effects of examiners, and the time for grading, etc. In the end, with this study I hope to deepen our knowledge about the development of ling Xue (classics studies) and the culture of imperial examination in Ming-Qing China. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。