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題名 | Right Views, Red Rust, and Rice Worms: The Eight Heavy Duties and Buddhist Teachings on Female Inferiority Reexamined=正見,紅銹病和白蠕蟲--八敬法及佛陀教法是否歧視女性的再檢視 |
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作者 | 艾文; Goodwin, Allison; |
期刊 | 玄奘佛學研究 |
出版日期 | 20080300 |
卷期 | 9 2008.03[民97.03] |
頁次 | 頁195-237 |
分類號 | 220.16 |
語文 | eng |
關鍵詞 | 八敬法; 佛陀教法; 女性主義; |
中文摘要 | 在佛經裡,釋迦牟尼佛一再提醒弟子:不應盲目接受任何宗教教導,而要審慎地檢驗每一個教法,「正如智者會以火燒、切割及試金石,去檢驗金的純度」。佛陀定下幾個印證佛法真假的標準,其中一項是:若某一個教法是不善、無益、有害,或行之將帶來損害和苦難,則它並非真確的佛法,即應當捨棄之。 在上一世紀,由於新工其和新方法的發展提供了科學方法,讓我們對於佛經裡所有「男尊女卑」的教導──如「八敬法」,其否定女性的平等地位與待過,歧視女性的出家權利及隔離規定,得以檢測其所造成的影響。有大約幾百個、甚至幾千個心理學和社會學的實驗,一致證實:負面的刻版印象、歧視和隔離政策 (源於某一群體劣於另一群體的觀念),導致對身心有害的心理和生理反應,並且鞏固、加強及延續「我見」──佛教視為所有「邪見」及惡業的根源。這項重大的證據顯示:這些歧視女性的教導和規定,它是有害的。因此,根據釋迦牟尼佛所指示的檢驗方法,則其並非真理,因而我們應當捨棄它們。 這些研究的發現,與幾項最重要的佛法根本教義相吻合,並對於為何世界各主要宗教皆教人不應評斷或歧視她/他人,而應該「視人如己」,「希望人如何待己,就應如何對待人」的原因,開啟了一扇窗。 |
英文摘要 | In the Buddhist sutras, Shakyamuni Buddha repeatedly directs that one must not accept spiritual teachings blindly. Rather one must test and analyze each teaching “as a goldsmith examines gold, by cutting, heating and hammering it to know whether it is real gold or counterfeit.” In many such passages, the Buddha takes great care to set forth a number of methods for analyzing all teachings. Among the criteria he establishes are: If a dharma is found to be unskillful or blameworthy, or if when adopted and carried out it leads to harm and suffering, it is not in fact the true dharma, and must be discarded. In the past century, new tools and methods have been developed which now provide us with scientific means of testing and measuring the effects of teachings in Buddhist sutras which imply that women are inferior to men; and discriminatory rules and practices, such as the Eight Garudhammas, which limit women’s rights and status within Buddhist orders on this basis. Hundreds-and likely thousands-of psychological and social studies, conducted over the past century, have consistently found stereotypes, discrimination, and segregation based on the idea that one group is inferior to another, to cause harm. This substantial body of evidence confirms that these Buddhist teachings and rules which discriminate against women are also harmful. Thus, they are not the true dharma, but are based on, and perpetuate Wrong Views, and we should abandon them. The findings from these studies also corroborate a number of the most important Buddhist dharma principals, and lend new insight into some of the reasons why every major religion teaches us that we must not judge, or look down on others, but should “consider them as ourselves” and treat them as we wish to be treated. |
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