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題 名 | 從賓根的希德格(Hildegard of Bingen)的神秘主義探討十二世紀的女性意識=The Feminist Consciousness in the Twelfth Century: A Glimpse at the Mysticism of Hildegard of Bingen |
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作 者 | 何麗霞; | 書刊名 | 世界宗教學刊 |
卷 期 | 1 2003.05[民92.05] |
頁 次 | 頁129-155 |
分類號 | 544.5 |
關鍵詞 | 賓根的希德格; 女性宗教藝術; 中世紀; 女性意識; 神秘主義; 現代性; Hildegard of Bingen; Feminist religious art; Medieval age; Feminist consciousness; Mysticism; Modernity; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 賓根的希德格 (Hildegard of Bingen 1098-1179),這一位中世紀的本篤會修女最近二十年, 在歐美地區成為很多女性主義學者、 宗教學者、歷史學者的研究對象。 她在音樂、戲劇、繪畫、醫學上的成就都有不少專書討論,這裡其中一個原因與女性主義研究的發展有很大關係。女性主義研究由 60 年代的社會運動,延至 70、80年代,沉澱到學術殿堂之內,一方面建立了女性研究作為獨立學科的基礎,另一方面也開展各個學科內女性研究的幅度,在這個過程中,不少女性主義者進行了歷史重建的工作,就是使歷史中缺席的女性,重新現身、發聲,在這個重溯過程中,希德格一生特殊的際遇,很快就抓住了現代學者的注意力。希德格是一位生長在中世紀的女性,雖然當時社會與宗教環境皆視女性為次等人類,是不幸的代表,但在她遺留在其領域內空前的作品中,處處可見她盡力挖掘女性的象徵,以女性人物呈現出宗教的神聖幅度及她個人的神秘經驗,嚴肅主動地面對夏娃、瑪利亞、教會所傳送出來對女性的看法,並以女性形象表達「神聖智慧」(Sapientia/Holy wisdom ) 和「神聖愛」 (Caritas /Love Divine ),這兩個陰性意象表達了她的精神世界的中心。希德格作為女性傳統中的一部份,影響深遠。在強硬的處事作風和奇異的藝術風格中的確使不少女性主義者甚為振奮,但很快地,這些學者們從希德格對當時壓抑女性的附和態度中,發現與現代女性自覺的政治正確有一定的距離,並對她這種矛盾性與曖昧性採取嚴厲的批判。希德格一方面展現了女性獨特敏銳的洞察力,一方面仍受制於當時男尊女卑的兩性社會意識形態,結果造成今日的學者評斷希德格陷於一種不一致的矛盾狀態。本論文試圖指出希德格的矛盾性與曖昧性是了解女性處境的重要記號,矛盾與曖昧正是一個錯縫,揭示隱而未揚的、被忽略的、被掩蓋的女性聲音,西方女性主義學者不宜用單一的判斷標準加諸任何時代、任何地區的婦女經驗上,而漠視希德格生命中透露的訊息。事實上,希德格的神秘主義對女性研究非常重要, 它不只對於將女性置於從屬地位的中世紀的觀點有重要突破,在今日女性主義的框架中,神秘主義亦成為探究女性書寫和分解男性控制的語言和組織化的生活的重要領域。另一方面, 在中世紀社會的權力運作中,希德格的例子亦為女性主義者在與其他社會機制互動時,提出不少時至今日女性主義者仍容易面對的陷阱與盲點。 |
英文摘要 | The twelfth century Benedictine abbess, Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179), has become one of the most important figures in the field of feminist, religious and historical studies in the space of two decades. There is a great amount of publication about Hildegard' s contribution in music, drama, arts and medical studies. One of the reasons of this phenomenon is owned by the development of the feminist studies. Started as a social movement in 60s, feminism entered the threshold of the sphere of intellectual in 70s to 80s. Feminist studies is the basis of an independent discipline, on the other hand, it provides feminist dimension on the researches of different disciplines. Among all the projects, many feminist scholars undertake the reconstruction of history, which is to make the absent women in the history present and voiced. The life of Hildegard of Bingen, in particular, grasps the attention of the feminist historical scholars. In the medieval age, women were regarded as second-class creatures, nevertheless, from the huge work Hildegard left, we discovered that she tried to present to us a marvelous image of women. Hildegard used feminine figure to represent the sacredness of religion as well as her personal mystical experience. She seriously treated the issue of Eve, Mary and the women image given by the Church; meanwhile, she employed the feminine images of Sapientia and Caritas to reveal the center of her spirituality. As a part of the feminist tradition, the impact of Hildegard is significant. With her strong-mindedness and the extraordinary style in the work, Hildegard aroused many feminists. However, these scholars soon discovered Hildegard shown a certain extent of ambivalence regarding her attitude towards women. From time to time the texts of Hildegard' s work expressed a kind of oppressive manner to women, which is contrary to the feminist consciousness nowadays. It seems that Hildegard displayed the insight of her feminine uniqueness, at the same time, she accepted the viewpoint of gender in the medieval society. The thesis of this article is trying to indicate that the ambivalence and ambiguity of Hildegard' s attitude towards women is a key of understanding the situation of women. This ambivalence and ambiguity is an opening for us to unfold the voices of women, which were oppressed and disregarded. It is not appropriate to put one single standard on all the experiences of women without regarding whenever and wherever they are. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。