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題 名 | 開膛剖肚 人類修補身體--再造生命的外科醫學史 |
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作 者 | 江漢聲; | 書刊名 | 歷史月刊 |
卷 期 | 202 民93.11 |
頁 次 | 頁82-86 |
分類號 | 410.9 |
關鍵詞 | 外科醫學史; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 筆者試圖藉由美國史學家羅伯.達頓(Robert Darnton)及其著作,瞭解羅伯.達頓如何運用十八世紀的書籍、手抄原稿、書信和帳目清冊來論述、考察十八世紀法國禁書的流行,並且就達頓將書籍作為一個知識傳播媒介的觀點,透過達頓對當時法國暢銷禁書的文本詮釋,將法國人民的諸多閱讀活動之面貌於字裡行間中表露出來,進而論述檢查制度強力箝制之情狀及弔詭之處,並討論書籍在法國大革命的文化起源中所扮演的角色。 筆者試圖透過達頓的探究去瞭解十八世紀禁書在書籍交易的市場中佔有的一個特殊的位置,也就是禁書有其自身所屬的世界,迥異於官方合法書籍市場的面貌。而書商為了銷售所謂的「哲學性作品」所做的諸多嘗試和手段就成為它最顯明的標誌,並且達頓試圖去調查清楚什麼書?何種特色的書籍在地下文學的渠道中流通著?靠著追溯出版商、代理商、流動書販以及書店主的信件往返,吾人可以識別他們在商業交易下所謂的「哲學性作品」的情結。簡言之,地下文學市場的交易在於需求與供給之間游動,因此分析他們的書籍交易狀況,吾人可以知曉何種口味的禁忌躍然在書籍中,以及這些作品藉由何種方式到達讀者的手中?再者論述各種書籍的傳播對於法國大革命前的社會、政治方面的影響,以及公眾輿論的力量。 本文可看作是筆者對於達頓著作的讀後心得,也可視為筆者整理達頓關於十八世紀法國書籍史的著述後所欲呈現出達頓著作的部分要點。主要依據為《法國大革命前的禁書暢銷狀況》 (The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France)一書,其次是《舊制度下的智識活動》及(The Literary Underground of the Old Regime) 《屠貓記及法國文化史上的若干插曲》 (The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History)二書。 |
英文摘要 | The contents of Robert Darnton's works are talking about the Book history in eighteenth-century France. The Book history is meaningfully to people, society, and everything in the world. Darnton read and studied the papers of the Sociètè typographique de Neuchâtel which is the most famous publisher during eighteenth century thirty years, and he also consult complementary sources in France--archives of the police, the Bastille, and the bookseller's guild--and to write a series of studies of the book as a force in eighteenth-century Europe. In studying the French literature in the eighteenth-century, Darnton noticed that illegal literature was very important to readers. To french readers in the eighteenth century, illegal literature was virtually the same as modern literature. Anything that deviated from those standards was usually printed outside France and smuggled into the kingdom. Dozens of publishing houses sprang up all around France's borders. Hundreds of agents operated an underground system, which brought the books to readers. But this enormous industry drained a great deal of wealth from the kingdom, while spreading a great many unorthodox ideas inside Finding itself unable to destroy the competition that it had helped create, the French administration devised categories to permit the trade in books that could not be given a royal privilege but did not attack the Church , the state, or conventional morality. By 1750, book inspectors distinguished graduated nuances of legality in a wide spectrum, which extended from privilège to permissions tacites, permissions simples, permission de police, and simples tolèrances. Legality shaded off into illegality by almost imperceptible degrees. But meanwhile, a libertine literature had grown up, which undercut all the orthodox values of the Old Regime. So the regime replied with renewed repression this time against books that existed at the far end of the spectrum, in a category of unalloyed illegality, beyond the pale, far outside the law. Those are the books Darnton proposes to study. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。