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題 名 | 墨子「義政」思想的四個重要命題--「兼愛」、「尚同」、「尚賢」與「天志」=Four Important Concepts in the Political Thought of Mo-tsu |
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作 者 | 林俊宏; | 書刊名 | 思與言 |
卷 期 | 38:2 2000.06[民89.06] |
頁 次 | 頁221-263 |
分類號 | 121.41 |
關鍵詞 | 義; 義政; 兼愛; 尚同; 尚賢; 天志; Righteousness; To govern under the practice of righteousness; Universal love; Agreement with the superior; Exaltation of the worthy; Will of heaven; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 「義政」作為理解墨子思想的核心概念,可以被理解成公利之治, 一種建基在實利主義精神之上的統治形態,本文試圖從四個方向進行 關於義政思想的論述--兼愛、尚同、尚賢與天志。「兼愛」將「愛」的 私人性(別)成功地化於群體性(兼)之中,而進生天下之利,進行群 體認同的重建;「尚同」表面上討論政治制度與組織的成形,實質上則 討論了政治角色與功能的安排和互動,透過社群的認同與層級政治角 色的認同的合致,塑造一個以天子為中心的同一化團體,「尚賢」就政 治甄補的層次回應了「尚同」,進而形成互補的機制,這點也反映了先 秦人治思想的特色;「天志」試圖說明的是政權本身的外在限制,而非 完全血緣性的繼承可以全然地涵蓋,這是整個群體認同的「社會過程」 與集體公利得以和諧得致的重要因素,而關於「淫僻無禮」時代情勢的 矯治,其實是透過人與帶有擬制意含的「天志」的互動來進行的。「尚 同」表達了政治社群的群體認同是政治事務推動的張本,「尚賢」傳遞 了政治社群關於事務推動的基本價值;「兼愛」作為政治社會關係與群 體認同的動力,「天志」則是政治組織與意識形態的源頭,透過這四個 重要命題,墨子建構起一套代表新興平民階層而且迥異於儒家道德式 國家的政治主張。 |
英文摘要 | This article deals with four critical concepts in the political thought of Mo-tsu which could be described as "I-jeng"(義政).By "I-jeng", it reveals a kind of governing form under the practice of righteousness. First of all, "universal love"(兼愛) means to love others as ourselves. By emphasizing the importance of political order, Mo-tsu advocated the highest value of unification of political community and he argued that the unification of political community can be completed by loving or treating others as ourselves. Secondly, "identification with the superior" or "agreement with the superior (尚同)means to make political community a hierarchy of identity. To build a hierarchy of identity exemplifies the process of assimilation of values as well as the foundation of political institutions. Thirdly, exaltation of the worthy or elevating the worthy (尚賢) expresses the political recruitment by emphasizing merits rather than morality. Finally, "will of heaven" (天志), as a psychological mechanism like religion, reveals the personality of heaven which is the ultimate origin of secular world. Mo-tsu tried to suppress the power of ruler by hightening the position and enhancing the function of heaven. My dissertation is that the governing form under the practice of righteousness proves the possibility of public interest and the possibility leads to order which is the ultimate concern of Mo-tsu. Universal love increases the sense of membership for each member of political community. "Identification with the superior" or "agreement with the superior" enhances the identity to the leading-core and the community. "Exaltation of the worthy or elevating the worthy" indicates the atmosphere of merit-orientation and obscurely the rationality of human being. "Will of heaven" is, in my opinion, a pseudo-mechanism rather than a real psychological and religious design. These four critical concepts make the political thought of Mo-tsu systematically complete and represent the socio-political concern of newly-rising class during the Warring-State epoch. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。