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題 名 | 唐代武舉制對體育發展的作用=The Effect of Tang-Period Martial Art Examination System on Physical Education Development |
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作 者 | 戴偉謙; | 書刊名 | 大專體育學刊 |
卷 期 | 2:2 2000.12[民89.12] |
頁 次 | 頁77-87 |
分類號 | 993.9204 |
關鍵詞 | 武舉制; 關隴集團; Martial art examination system; Kuan-Luong clique; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 武舉制始於唐代武則天長安二年(702年)。其產生有四個原因:1.武則天為打擊關、隴集團培養自己勢力(註1),2.唐室與吐蕃、突厥及契丹關係的緊張。3.恐民忘戰,教民習武藝。4.歷代累積選拔武才的方法,足以創設武舉制。武舉制的主要內容有長垛、馬射、步射、平射、筒射、馬槍、翹關、負重及身材之選,九項考試項目均與體育有關係。武舉制在我國封建社會中、後期,因以武取士促進了尚武的發展及考試內容帶動了體育的發展上,得到積極作用。但是其目的並不只是為了倡導尚武,培養軍事人才,因此,除了籠絡人才的政治手段外,跑、跳及投擲運動未得到有利的發展,為其消極的一面。總之,武則天創立武舉制度對體育的發展而言,有其積極作用,但也不免有其消極作用。 |
英文摘要 | The martial art examination system originated in the second year of the Ch’ang-an (everlasting peace) reign of the Empress Wu Tzer-tien of the Tang period (A.D. 702). It owed its genesis to four causes: 1. The Empress Wu Tzer-tien used it to build up her own Power base in order to attack the Kuang-Luong (Han0Ku Pass and Kansu Province) clique. 2. The relations between the House o Tang and Tuhfan (ancient place in Tibet), the Turks, and Kitan were strained. 3. it was intended to teach people how to practice martial arts for fear that they might forget the peril of war. 4. The methods accumulated through successive dynastic periods for selecting martial art talent were sufficient for establishment of the martial art examination system, which was composed mainly of the selecting of talent in such respects as target archery, horseback arrow-shooting, mobile arrow-shooting, static arrow-shooting, up-the-sleeve arrow-shooting, jousting, weight-lifting, burden-bearing (carrying rice on the shoulder), and physique. All of the nine test items were related with physical education. During the middle and latter periods of Chinese feudal society, as scholar-officials, or mandarins, were selected on the strength of their martial skills, the martial art examination system promoted the development of militarism, and the substance of the examination pushed the development of physical education, thus achieving a positive effect. However, its purpose is not only to advocate militarism and cultivate military talent, but also to provide the political means to ensnare talent. Therefore, sports in running, Jumping, and throwing did not undergo favorable development, which represented the negative aspect of the examination system. To sum up, for the development of physical education, the martial art examination established by the Empress Wu Tzer-t’ien had its positive but, inevitably, also negative effects. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。