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題 名 | Child-raising among Hong Kong Fisherfolk: Variations on Chinese Themes=香港蜑民的兒童養育:基本性格中的變異 |
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作 者 | Anderson,E. N.; | 書刊名 | 中央研究院民族學研究所集刊 |
卷 期 | 86 1998.秋[民87.秋] |
頁 次 | 頁121-155 |
分類號 | 536.281 |
關鍵詞 | 中國; 傳統教育; 香港; 蜑民; 非正規教育; China; Traditional education; Hong Kong; Fishing peoples; Informal education; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
中文摘要 | 本文主旨在說明香港蜑民的兒童養育方式以及它所塑的兒童性格,根據作者在I960 至70年代所進行的田野研究,作者發現當時生活在海上的蜑民之基本性格此生活 在陸地的廣東人較具獨立性,對情緒的表達也較直接,父母親對孩子的獨特個性 較為容忍。此一結果與中國人強調依賴、順從的表現頗度相同,作者認為發現代 表「中國人」性格的一種變異。 本研究對於1970年代蜑民兒童的濡化過程有相當清楚的分析,蜑民的例子支 持了Bourdieu實踐理論的重要性,即兒童獲得各種基本能力的重要管道,往往不 是正規教育體系所教的那一套東西,而是從與成人或年長的同儕團體共同工作的 情境中學習到的。本文用來詮釋其資料的理論基礎有別於普通具有的行為模仿論, 而將兒童社會行為的學習放置在親子互動過程中,兒童的學習機制乃由傳統被動 式的模仿改變為主動適應的過程。這樣的強調使我們對兒童學習的基本機制有更 接近事實的理解。 本研究的研究方法採用參與觀察,資料的呈現方式則採取歸納的方式,本文 比較蜑民與其在馬來西亞的觀察,以Stafford在臺灣的研究交叉比較,使我們更 深入地瞭解傳統蜑民的兒童教養方式與兒童的基本性格,以及這些性格形成的基 本動力。 @@@ |
英文摘要 | The fishing people of Hong Kong are a different ethnic group from the majority of land-dwelling Hong Kong Cantonese. Relative to the latter, fisher families (in traditional times) trained less for dependence and submission to authority. Indeed, the fisherfolk trained their children for independence, self-reliance, flexibility and adaptability in dealing with life, and outspokenness about emotions and feelings. This is related to the findings of psychologists and others that the fishermen differ from the land people along those dimensions; they are seen as more independent, open, and outspoken. Both fisherfolk and land-based Cantonese trained for social responsibility. However, the fisherfolk saw social responsibility more in terms of cooperation and teamwork, less in terms of hierarchy and rank. These differences are clearly related to the realities of the fishery. Open-sea fishing requires great independence and self-reliance on the part of fishing people, but also cooperation and mutual trust, since fishers must often depend on each other. The present paper also attends to the ways in which traditional fisher families train their children in needed skills, including the phenomenal amount of knowledge of fish, fishing methods, navigation, and other maritime expertise that are necessary knowledge in the South China Sea fishery. Training is largely through direct experience: children learn by doing, and by carrying out specific orders and directions. This finding is similar to other findings reported in the literature on out-of-school learning (as opposed to "book learning" in school), and conforms to the various forms of practice theory that have been developed to describe cultural reproduction. A strong value on knowledge and learning is seen in Hong Kong fisherfolk society, and is similar to that reported by Chinese schoolchildren in other contexts. It would appear that traditional working life--as well as traditional Chinese elite culture, with its Confucian values on book-learning - pre-adapt Chinese families to the contemporary world, where education is so important. In short, there are noteworthy variations in Chinese child-raising, yet all the variants accomplish the goal of creating an environment in which highly complex skills and highly demanding values systems are successfully reproduced. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。