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題 名 | 甘蔗伸長生長之研究--蔗莖之長度及直徑與其有關因素=Studies on the Elongative Growth of Sugarcane : (II) The Length and Diameter of the Stalk and Their Related Factors |
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編 次 | 2 |
作 者 | 曾寶敏; 駱君驌; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷 期 | 22 民47.06 |
頁 次 | 頁5-26 |
關鍵詞 | 甘蔗; 蔗莖長度; 蔗莖直徑; 伸長生長; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | (一)臺灣蔗區的生理環境,平均公頃莖數為8~9萬,最高莖數為10萬。 (二)蔗莖的長度及直徑,甘蔗品種間有的對環境因素極敏感,有的較遲鈍。 (三)收穫時蔗株的總重量假定為100%,則第二分蘗莖佔44.7%,第一分蘗莖佔33.3%,合計78%,為蔗莖產量的主要蔗莖。 (四)臺灣秋植甘蔗的莖長由3.57公尺至4.57公尺,差異甚大,而差異的主因為節間長度。 (五)節間伸長生長的決定因素為溫度,因而同一蔗莖之節間,其最長的節間均在高溫期,或5~7月間形成。 (六)蔗莖直徑有兩種代表型,一為竹莖型,基部肥大,愈至梢部而愈小,節間長,似竹莖之修長;另一為普通型,蔗莖上下部直徑差異甚小,節間長度及莖長中等,為最常見之蔗莖型。 (七)蔗莖直徑的生長,似乎在低溫乾燥之2~4月間最有利,這期間形成的節間直徑也最大。至於支配蔗莖直徑生長的物質,可能與無機鹽類的多少有關,尚待直接的證據。 (八)無論為出生期,抑出生次序,無論為莖重,抑莖長,晚出生莖均比早出生莖為優。11與12月出生莖佔全株總重之60.5%,而第二分蘗莖(44.7%)與第一分蘗(33.3%)合計佔株重之78%。第三分蘗莖比第一分蘗莖常重23%,而第二蘗莖又比第一分蘗莖重14%。 (九)溫度對於蔗莖成莖的效果,以生機高,或呼吸作用強的蔗莖,以生機低,或呼吸作用弱的蔗莖獲得更大的效果。換言之,後出生莖比早出生莖之生長量大,這顯然是高溫有利於後出生莖之新形成之節間的伸長生長。 (十)溫度對於甘蔗的蔗莖產量,主由6~9月形成的49~65%,與3~5月形成的17~42%,平均87%所組成,前者日照為限制因子,而後者則降雨量為豐歉之決定因素。 |
英文摘要 | The yield of sugarcane in tonnage is determined by the number of stalks per hectare and their average length and diameter. The number of stalks per hectare is again correlated with the density of planting and the average number of stalks per stool. The former depends upon the fertility of soil, while the latter is determined by the characteristics of varieties and the facilities of irrigation. With the soil fertility and the physiological environment of Taiwan sugarcane area, the number of stalks produced per hectare prior to 1945 was around 45,000 to 55,000 for the thick cane varieties such as POJ 2725, F108 and POJ 2883. Since then, the varieties of thick cane have gone one by one and N:Co. 310 take their places as the most important variety of sugarcane now cultivated in this Island. According to harvested data of regional variety tests of sugarcane during the past four crop years, the average number of stalks per hectare was 85,000 for N:Co. 310, the slender variety, and 80,000-90,000 for P.T.50-2, P.T.51-11 and P.T.52-50, the medium varieties of sugarcane. Although the improvement of the varieties of sugarcane may increase the number of stalks per hectare to certain extent, however, the average of 80,000-90,000 millable stalks per hectare, is considered an optimum number, if the fertility of soil and facilities of irrigation remain the same as at present. Assuming the number of millable stalks per hectare approach to a certain limit, then the yield in tonnage would be determined by the length and diameter of millable stalks. Within the possible number of internodes for each stalk of sugarcane, the length of stalk may increase greatly by increasing the length of internodes. It is one of the factors which affect an increase in yield per hectare without being limited by space or area. In case the diameter, there is a marked difference in sensitivity to soil conditions among different varieties of sugarcane. For instance, P.T.51-11 might attain a stalk diameter of 3.5 to 4.5 cm. in fertile sandy soil, but only 1.5-2.5 cm. in poor sandy soil. On the contrary, varieties such as F 134, POJ 2725 and POJ 2883 are not as sensitive to soil conditions and usually maintain a diameter of 2.8-3.5 cm. This report deals chiefly with the length and diameter of the stalk of sugarcane and their related factors. Data were obtained from field studies of two crop years on the elongative growth of the members of the stool of Spetember-planting sugarcane plant. Weekly records on the newly emerged tillers of the stool and newly emerged leaves on each tiller were kept continuously until May of the succeeding year and then monthly records on the newly formed internodes on each stalk of the stool were kept until harvest in February of the third year. On harvesting, the whole stool with two replications was dug out carefully intact and washes all of the dirts with the running tap water. Careful dissection and measurements of varieous items were made on each stalk of the stool. If a stool is treated as a unit and the stool weight as 100%, then results from our dissecting studies show that the secondary stalks form the most important part of millable stalks in a stool, constituting 44.7% of the total, while the primary and tertiary stalks share 33.3% and 15.0% respectively. The least is the mother stalk, being only 7% of the stool. It is clear therefore that any hilling made prior to February would not be advisable. The length of the millable stalks at harvest varies greatly with different varieties of sugarcane. For the September-planting cane, the longer one may be 4.75 meters while the short one has only 3.57 meters (Table 1). The length of the stalks is not necessarily correlated with the number of internodes but is often determined by the length of internodes of the stalks (Table 8). It was found that in varieties with longer millable stalks, the average length of internodes formed between April and September is usually 9 cm. or longer. Therefore, there are six months good for elongative growth of the internode. However, the period elongative growth of internode for the mediocres is only five months and for the short varieties four months. The longest internodes of any one stalk of the stool were formed during the months from May to July under regular irrigation conditions, supporting the assmption that the determining factor for elongative growth of internode is temperature. The same has been reported in Sonth Africa and Hawaii. There are two types of stalks of sugarcane, if the variation in diameter of the different internodes of the same stalk is considered. One is the common type, in which the diameter of the internodes varies slightly from bottom to top. The other is bamboo-shoot type, in which the diameter of the internode is larger at bottom but tapering as approaching to the top of the stalk and the length of the internodes is usually from 10 to 22 cm. in length. In the bamboo-shoot type, the exhaustion or decrease of certain substances may have resulted in the decrease of diameter on the top portion of the stalk. These growth regulating substances are presumably the soil minerals. P.T.50-2 and P.T.50-62 represent the common type while P.T.51-11 represents the bamboo-shoot type . Besides, the growth in diameter of the stalk seems to be benefited by dry, low temperature. Table 11 shows that in any member of the stool of P.T.51-11, the internodes formed from February to April are notably larger in diameter when compared with other internodes formed in other months of the year. Evidences obtained from our growth studies of sugarcane show impressively that the time of emergence and order of stalks have important effects on the length and weight of the stalk at harvest. In general, the weight of December-emerged stalks of the September-planting sugarcane constitutes 36.7% of the stool weight while that of November-emerged stalks is 23.8%, the two totalling 60.5%, making the main constitution of the stool weight. Next is January-emerged stalks, or January-February-emerged stalks in dry year, forming 20-30% of the stoool weight. It indicates clearly that in order to obtain high yield of millable stalks, the full development of the November-December-emerged stalks is especially important. As to the order of stalks of a stool, the secondray stalks constitute 44.7% of the stool weight which are apparently the most important part in yield per hectare. There is a tendency that no matter the length and weight of the stalk, the lately emerged stalks are much longer or heavier than the early emerged stalks of the same stool. The mother stalk is the lightest one (Table,1,2,3,4). It is apparent that the late-emerged stalks had been benefited by the high temperature of the early Summer, which increased with the respiratory rate thus accelerating the elongative growth of them. Thermal effect on the stalk formation is notably conspicuous (Table 15 &Fig. 6). As in Table 15, the internodes formed in May very in weight on different members of the stool; the weights of those of mother stalk, primary stalks, secondary stalks and tertiary stalks are 10.9, 28.1, 23.9 and 40.6 gm. respectively. The weight of internodes formed on the tertiary stalks is about four times as much as those formed on primary stalks of the same stool within the same moth of the year. September-planting sugarcanes in Taiwan could be distinguished into three types, if the characteristics of the stalks are considered: (1) long stalks, medium to long internodes with number of internodes more than fifty for each stalk; (2) long stalks, very long internodes but the number of internodes for each stalk around 45 only. The stalks are tapering at the upper portion like a bamboo-shoot; (3) short stalks, short internodes with the number of internodes per stalk less than 45. The first type of sugarcane is always superior in yield and adaptable to various soil conditions, while varieties of second type are more sensitive to dryness and poor soil conditions but perform excellently in irrigated regions. As to those of the third type of sugarcane, full development occurs only in normal years in irrigated regions. The September-planting surgarcane in Taiwan must pass through two dry-low-temperature periods, one dry period (dry-high-temperature period) and one high-temperature-high-rainfall period. The first dry-low-temperature period, begins from October to February, corresponding to maximum tillering period of the September-planting cane and forming only negligible amount of stalk. It consititutes only 0.8% for slow growing varieties and 8.3% for fast growing varieties of the total weight of the stool at harvest. For the varieties in general, the amount of stalks formed in this period is usually less than 4.2% of the stool weight at harvest.After the first dry-low-temperature period is the dry period which begins from March to May of the year. During this period, the minimum night temperature is always above 20℃. and the length of day increases. It is good for elongative growth but the lack of rainfall in this period becomes usually a limiting factor for better yield forming a critical period of yield in tonnage per hectare of sugarcane plant in Taiwan. From 17.3 to 41.8%, verying greatly with the amount and frequency of rainfull of the different years during this period, of stalk by weight of the stool was produced during these three months. Thirdly, the grand period of elongative growth of the September-planting cane is the high-temperature-high-rainfall period beginnig from June to September of year. The stalks formed in this period consititute from 49-65%, or 57% in average, of the total weight at harvest. It may be noted also that more than half millble stalks in the final yield were produced in this period. Finally, during the second dry-low-temperature period from October of the second year to January of the third year, the vegetative growth of sugarcane plant begins to slow down and transfers to mature stage. The stalks formed in this period constitute from 8.0% to 18.8% of the stool weight at harvest, averaging 13.4%(Table 14 & Fig.5). In short, 87% of the yield of cane per hectare is produced from March to September, or a sum of vegetative growth within a period of seven months. Since a great portion of elongative growth of September-planting cane was completed from June to September, it is apparently that the climatic factors, especially the daily sunshine duration, of this period have the determing effect on the yield of cane. The plentiful supply of rainfall at daytime plus high night temperature, usually 26-28℃in average, has accentuated the limiting effect of daily sunlight on the elongative growth of sugarcane and the respiratory rate of the plant at night is usually to have a tendency to surpass that of photosynthesis at daytime. Should the rain be continued for days or even for weeks as it usually occurs during the raining season of this Island, the elongative growth of the sugarcane plant may be greatly delayed owing to the lack of sunlight at daytime. On the contrary, the years with fair daytime and raining frequently at night during the raining season are always good crop years for sugarcane plant. Furthermore, in view of the frequent occurence of fierce typhoon and destructive rains during the raining season of which more than fifty percent of millable stalks was produced in this period (Table 5), it is important for the sugarcane breeder of this Island to develop hard-cane varieties with comparatively narrower leaf blades for commercial planting. The soft-cane varieties of sugarcane may practically be succumbed after the occurrence of destructive typhoon and heavy rains. According to what has been discussed above the conclusion may be summarized as follows: 1. Under the present climic and soil conditions of sugarcane area in Taiwan, the average number of millable stalks produced per hectare is from 80,000, to 90,000, the maximum being 100,000. 2. Varietal difference in length and diameter of the millable stalks shows that some varieties are more sensitive to the environmetal factors while the others are relatively not as sensitive. 3. Assuming that the total weight of a stool be 100%, then the weight of primary stalks and secondary stalks is 44.7% and 33.3%, making 78% of the total stool weight. 4. The length of millable stalks of September-planting cane is from 3.57 to 4.57 meters. The main factor contributes to this difference is the length of individual internodes. 5. The determining factor of elongative growth of the internodes is temperature. Long internodes of the stalk are formed at the high temperature period, from May to July. 6. Two types of millable stalks of sugarcane had been found, they are (1) bamboo-shoot type, large at the bottom but tapering toward the top portion, and (2) common type, the diameter of all internodes of the stalk varies only slightly. 7. The growth in diameter seems much favorable duing dry-low-temperature period. Largest internodes were formed especially from February to April . Although no direct evidences are available, however, observations suggest that certain mineral elements might closely connected with the substances which regulate the growth in diameter. 8. So far as to the length and weight of the stalk are concerned, the late emerged stalks are much heavier and longer than those of the early ones. The November and December-emerged stalks constitute 60.5% of the stool weight, while secondary stalks from 44.7% and primary stalks form 33.3%, together making 78%, of the stool weight. In comparison of the stalk weight of the different members of the stool, the weight of the tertiary stalks is 23% heavier than that of the primary stalks while that of secondary stalks is 14% heavier than that of the primary ones. 9. The effect of temprature on the vegetative growth has clearly shown that the vigorous the respiratory rate, the greater is the growth increased by temperature. The late emerged stalks usually grow faster than those of the early stalks of the same stool under the same temperature conditions. It is the late emerged stalks which are benefited by the high temperature in elongative growth. 10. About 49-65% of cane per hectare is produced during June-September and 17-42% during March-May of the year, totalling being in average 87% of the total stool weight. It has been found that the limiting factor for the vegetative growth during June-September period is sunshine duration while that of March-May period is rainfall. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。