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題 名 | 栽培稻之染色體組之研究=Studies on the Chromosome Complement of Cultivated Rice |
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作 者 | 胡兆華; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷 期 | 21 民47.03 |
頁 次 | 頁11-23 |
關鍵詞 | 栽培稻; 染色體組; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 酒井(1935)及NANDI(1936)曾根據二元體減數分裂中期出現之次級對合現象及染色體之形態觀察等,認為稻染色體組12之數係從一未知的染色體組5之數所進化而來,但此一學說似未得學者們之普遍的支持。筆者為檢討此問題,以日本栽培水稻數品種之單元體植物作為研究材料,以壓漬法(squarsh method)作製顯微鏡標本,根端用低溫固定法(4~5℃,20~24小時),1%之醋酸 orcein 液染色;花穗以Farmer氏液固定(20~24小時),1%醋酸camine液染色。茲就研究結果列舉如下: 1. 單元體稻12個染色體中,從依形態可分為median型的四個(3,4,10,11)。sub-median型的五個(1,5,6,9,12),其中最大的(1)與最小的(12)顯然可以與其他三個區別。餘下三個均為sub-terminal型,一個(2)有次級縊縮,一個(8)有附屬體,一個(7)兼有次級縊縮及附屬體,共可區分為七種形態(見圖1)。 2. 在體細胞分裂中期染色體有駢對之傾向,最大形成組合數似為5組,筆者所發現為兩個一?的四組,三個一?的一組(圖3(D)),駢對方式有類似減數分裂所見到的次級對合。 3. 在減數分裂的肥厚期初,已發現染色體有分組聚集現象,肥厚期中每可以發現1~2組兩個單價染色體靠近的傾向,同時二價染色體及次級對合亦有存在。 4. 從肥厚期末至第一中期初,為染色體顯著的對合時期,對合最大形成組數為5,及三個一?的兩組及兩個一?的三組,?數為三個一?,兩個一?的三組,另三個獨立(表3)。此種單元體的對合型式及次數經與前人在二元體所觀察的資料相比較,兩者一致(表4及表5)。 5. 於第一中期至第一後期除二價染色體外,尚可發現部分細胞具有三價染色體,此種初級接合細胞數由Poisson 分布理論數及卡平方(χ2)法檢查結果,證明此種接合不可能係機遇產生。 6. 根據上述單元體植物之觀察研究,現在的稻染色體構成,若依染色體的形態及親和性情形加以推察,12之數極可能係二次構成者,最初可能以5為基數進化而來。 |
英文摘要 | SAKAI.(1935) and NANDI(1936) had postulaed a hypothesis that the twelve chromosomes of a haploid set of Oryza sativa L. would have been derived from an ancestral genome consisting of five chromosomes. Their hypothesis was based on the findings of secondary association of meiotic chromosome and chromosome morphology of mitosis in diploid plant. Though this hypothesis was not widely accepted by other workers at present time, it seemed interesting to validity of this hypothesis, the writer investigated the morphology of mitotic chromosomes and the behavior of meiotic chromosomes in haploid rice. Several haploid plants of Japanese rice varieties were used, the prepararions were made by the squarsh method. Root tip was fixed at a low temperature(4~5℃,20~24 hours) and stained with 1% aceto-orcein solution. Young spikelets were fixed with Farmer's fluid and using1% aceto-carmine for staining. The results were as follows: 1. All of 12 Chromosomes of haploid rice plant, if divided accouding to the constriction of chromosomes, four were median types (chromosome 3,4,10,11), five were sub-median types (chromosome 1,12,5,6,9), and the others were sud-terminal types (chromosome 2,7,8). Among the five sub-median type chromosomes, chromosomes 1 and 12 were distinctly differed from their size, but the chromosomes 3,4 amd 9 were very difficult to discriminate one another. The other three chromosome of sub-terminal type, one showed a secondary constriction, one had a satellite, and the rest one showed a secondary constriction and satellite (see Fig. 1). 2. A tendency to somatic pairing was recognized at the mitotic metaphase of the kaploid rice. The maximum pairing seemed to form five groups of the chromosomes, which consisted of four groups of two chromosomes and one group of three (see Fig. 3D). The mode of somatic pairing thus appeared to be similar to that of the secondary pairing in meiosis. 3. At the diakinesis of meiotic division in PMC, twelve univalents were usually observed though occasionally one or two groups of two chromosomes occurred. Bivalent chromosome and secondary association of the univalent chromosomes had also been found in this stage. 4. The primary as well as secondary association were most apparent at the transitional stage from late diakinesis to first metaphase. The mode of association most frequently was found 1(3)+3(2)+3(1), and the maximum association was 2(3)+3(2). These configuration of association found in haploid plant was comparable with that secondary associations repoted by the former authers with diploid plants (see Table 4,5) 5. A the metaphase of meiosis, not only bivalent but also very few trivalent chromosomes were formed in some of cells (indicated in Table 7). Having compared with "Poisson" distribution which was to be expected if the associations occurred only by chance, the frequency distribution of cells with different numbers of primary associations was found to differ significantly from the former. Thus, the chromosome associations appearing in haploid plant could not be said due to chance occurrence. 6. It was discussed that chromosome morphology, the behavior of moving together of the chromosomes in mitotic metaphase, the primary and secondary association found in haploid rice might suggest the presence of some residual homology among the present genome, a set of twelve chromosomes of rice would have been secondary derived from original genome consisting of five chromosomes. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。