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題 名 | 輸日香蕉之損失及其發生之原因=Transit Losses of Bananas to Japan with Special |
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作 者 | 蔣明南; | 書刊名 | 中華農學會報 |
卷 期 | 33 民50.03 |
頁 次 | 頁34-50 |
關鍵詞 | 輸日香蕉; 損失; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
英文摘要 | In 1960, 46,130 metric tons of Taiwan grown bananas pasked in 922,577 baskets were shipped to Japan with a transit loss of 6.42 percent (59,202 baskets) due to loss of commercial value of banana hands with defects as rated at the Japanese sea port. The transit losses of bananas to Japan from 1956 through 1960 are presented in Table 1 of the Chinese text. The banana bunches after harvesting at a maturity of light full three quarters are cut into hands with main stalks attached. The large cut surface of the main stalk of each of the banana hands is treated with 1:200 Granosan water solution in the summer and the fall and with 1: 400 solution in the winter and the spring, to control main stalk rots. Banana hands that weight more than two pounds, of uniform shape, and free from healed insect scars, slender pedicels, banana freckles, sun burn, and from yellowing or breakage of middle fingers of the hand are packed in bamboo baskets containing 110 pounds of bananas or approximately 20 to 35 hands depending upon the season in which the fruits are produced. The packed baskets are loaded in banana boats on the second day and reach the Japanse sea port on the sixth day after harvesting. The sea voyage averages 80 to 90 hours. The banana boats do not differ from common cargo boats except there are forced air ventilators equipped for protection of the load against injurious effect of accumulation of vital heat and solar radiation in the summer and the fall. In 1960, the average temperature in banana boats during transit in July was 85℉ and in January was 59℉. The transit losses of bananas are rates at the Japanese sea port on the basis of four different kinds of defects, namely (1) over-ripeness, (2) heat injury, (3) mechanical injury, and (4) main stalk rot. The breakdown of transit losses in 1960 in accordance with hand defects is presented in Table 4 of the Chinese text. Two-thirds of the transit losses are attributed to main stalk rots, and one-fifth is to mechanical injury. Only one-seventh of the transit losses is due to physiological causes including overripeness and heat injuries. The rate of transit losses is high in the months from June through November with high rates of four kinds of hand defects, and is comparatively low in the months from December through May with low rates of mechanical injury and main stalk rots and with only traces of over-ripeness and heat injurieness, as indicated in Figures 1 and 3. The seasonal effect upon rates of transit losses is also presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. It is suggested that bananas harvested in the months fron June through November are more susceptible to transit losses because the fruit is developed in warm seasons and is likely to have larger cells and more tender mechanical structures as comparedwith the fruit developed in cooler seasons. The monthly temperatures of the central part of Taiwan and the temperatures of the banana boats in 1960 are indicated in Figure 2 and Table 5. The warm season developed fruit is fast fruit and thus gives higher rates of transit losses due to over-ripeness if the transit temperatures are high, as compared with stubborn and slow fruit producedunder adverse conditions. When an over-ripe fruit is undergoing ripening during transit, the heat evolved accumulates and raises the temperatures in the baskets if the ventilation or air distribution throughout the load in the boat is not as ideal as expected. The accumulated vital heat hastens ripening of neighbouring non-overripe fruit and causes heat injury known as "green-soft" by the trade. Therefore, heat injury is a loss related to overripeness. Banana boats with better ventilation operations usually have less losses owing to reduction of over-ripeness and heat injuries. The warm-season-developed bananas are tender in texture, larger in finger and stalk sizes, and are, therefore, more susceptible to mechanical injuries, such as finger splits, pedicel breakage, and bruises than the cool-season-developed bananas. During packing operations, a number of hands are mechanically injured while hands are placed into baskets and when baskets are lidded and roped, because a five inch bulge is usually maintained above the rim of baskets which are too soft to retain their shape without squeezing the contents. The softness of bamboo containers fails to protect the contents during loading and unloading operations in transit. Therefore, additional mechanical injuries are made to banana hands after being packed. The mechanical injury made to the Granosan treated stalks of banana hands during packing and in transit, such as stalk breakage and bruises, cause invasion of decaying organisms. The rate of main stalk rots is high in the months from June through November probably because of the fact that the stalk of the banana produced in these months is more susceptible to mechanical injury than that at other times of the year. Granosan treated stalks of banana hands can be kept free from main stalk rots in the laboratory if they are not injured after treatment. Regional effect upon transit losses in 1960 is presented in Table 6 and 7. More hand defects were found among Taichung bananas than among Kaohsung bananas in 1960. Bananas exported from Keelung sea port had more hand defects as compared with those from Kaohsung sea port. These are due to the fact that a great number of bananas produced in Taichung areas and exported from Keelung were harvested during the season of high rate of transit losses. The difference in rate of transit losses among the five regular banana boats as presented in Table 8 and 9 was only confined to the losses caused by over-ripeness and heat injuries. A boat that was high in rate of over-ripeness in 1960 was also high in rate of heat injuries. However, the rates of mechanical injuries and main stalk rots were not always proportionally high in a boat with high rates of over-ripeness and heat injuries. It seems logical to assume that there was a difference among the five boats in ventilation operations which caused a difference in the rates of over-ripeness and heat injuries. The Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction and the Taiwan Provincial Association on Improvement of Banana Production and Marketing have supported for a number of years the research upon which this report is based. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。