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題名 | 梅農[A. Meinong]、弗來格[G. Frege]與羅素[B. Russell]的指謂論= |
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作者 | 俞懿嫻; |
期刊 | 東海學報 |
出版日期 | 19940700 |
卷期 | 35(文學院) 民83.07 |
頁次 | 頁87-100 |
分類號 | 143.32 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 弗來格; 指謂論; 梅農; 羅素; |
中文摘要 | 指謂不存在對象(non-existent objects)的語詞或語句是否具有意義?這類指 謂命題是否有真假可言?上述問題向為邏輯哲學與語意學中最具爭議性的議題。 梅農( A. Meinong )的「對象論」( Theory of Objects ), 與弗來格( G. Frege )的「意義與 指涉論」( "On Sense and Reference" ), 都在試圖為這些問題尋求解答。 羅素( B. Russell )則認為他們的答案不足以解決傳統的邏輯難題( logical puzzles ), 於是在 一九0五年發表「論指謂」( On Denothing )一文,提出以邏輯語法分析的方法釐清指謂 語句的邏輯結構。羅素主張指謂語詞的意義,並不取決指謂對象,而取決於其所在的語句; 同理指謂語句的意義與真假也需取決於其語言使用的邏輯層次,也非取決於對象。羅素此說 即所謂的「描述理論」( Theory of Description )實為廿世紀分析哲學家的興起奠定基 礎。後起分析哲學家們雖對他的學說多所批評,但是邏輯語法與語言分析的方法,已成為分 析哲學採用的不二法門。 |
英文摘要 | How can one speak of something that does not exist? How can the propositions which involve denoting non-existent objects be predicated by true or false? Is an expression meaningful when it indicates some non-existent object? These questions have attracted great attentions of contemporary philosophers, especially those who espoused the movement of philosophical analysis in its early stage, i.e. Meinong, Frege, and Russell. Under the influence of Franz Brentano, an act psychologist, Meinong applied the theory of objects (Gegenstandestheorie) to the explanation of the non-existents. The theory allows properties of independent ontological status and hence admits and grammatically well-formed expressions to acquire some meaning, regardless whether there is anything real denoted by them or not. While from a logical point of view, Frege suggested that there is a distinction between the sense and the reference of an expression. The meaning of an expression is comprised of its sense and reference, but the real being of the latter ddoes not determine the significance of the former. In fact, for Frege both sense and the reference are objective, public, and uniform, and are entitled to different forms of reality. Russell was deeply impressed by Meinong's and Frege's solutions, but he also disagreed with them in various ways. He proposed his theory of definite descriptions to be an improved formula for the explanation of the non-existents after severe criticism of the previous two's view. He attempted an analysis of the logical syntax of a denothing expression, which shows that the meaning of an expression can only be determined by the context in which the expression occurs, but not by itself. Russell's theory of definite description later became the "paradigm" of the analytic philosophy and had significant repercusions for philosophy of language, it also invited many objections from the philosophers of ordinary (natural) language school. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。