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題 名 | A Model of Adaptive Population Migration in South Africa |
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作 者 | Hattingh, P.S.; Hattingh, P.S.; | 書刊名 | 人口學刊 |
卷 期 | 12 1989.06[民78.06] |
頁 次 | 頁187-213 |
分類號 | 542.1368 |
關鍵詞 | Population migration; South Africa; |
語 文 | 英文(English) |
英文摘要 | The distribution pattern of South Africa’s heterogeneous population has historically been shaped not only by socio-economic forces but very markedly by political ones. Where members of the different population groups live - mainly Asians, Blacks, Coloureds and Whites - has, for many years to a greater or lesser extent been determined by laws promulgated by consecutive White governments. Despite the effect: of these restrictive measures on macro- and micro-spatial patterns, economic and political realities have recently brought adaptive changes in government policy with concomitant migration responses. Though these changes attract greater attention, significant evolutionary migratory movements are simultaneously taking place. In this paper a largely descriptive model of adaptive migration in South African society is presented. In explaining the model and to draw tentative conclusions the paper addresses three recent movements, the first two stemming from policy changes and the other evolutionary in nature. The first movement, containing macro- and micro-elements pertains to Blacks. It follows in the wake of the acknowledgement that restrictive policies have failed to curb Black urbanization in“White”areas despite the establishment since 1960 of some 100 new towns in the homelands. As Blacks are still the least urbanized group in South Africa, have numerical superiority, as well as the highest rate of population growth of the four groups, their potential for urbanization is the greatest. These realities have caused the government to abolish influx control. Free movement is now possible but the already overpopulated Black townships adjacent to“White”cities cannot accommodate large numbers of in-coming people. Furthermore the Group Areas Act, which determines the place where population groups may reside is still in force, effectively closing “White”urban centres to Blacks - however the first signs of a breakdown of this act are noticeable. Normative po1icies facilitating societal change are obviously required. The second movement, also of a macro-nature and relating to Indians, is very recent. Until the beginning of 1987 Indians, the major Asian group, were barred from residing in the Orange Free State. Since the scrapping of these restrictive measures they have been quick to respond and, though numbers are still small, Indians have moved into this province necessitating land allocation to them albeit subject to the Group Areas Act. The third movement pertains to elderly Whites in Pretoria. It is illustrative of evolutionary micro-migration in urban areas and as such reflects changes in lifecycle in relation to socio-economic status. It is used as an indicator of possible intra-urban movements in a normalised future South African society. |
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