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題名 | 《孟子》〈舜發於畎畝之中〉章訓詁釋義二則=Two Cases of Exegetical Interpretation inthe Chapter "Shun rose from the fields" in Mencius |
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作者 | 蔡根祥; Tsai, Kenhsiang; |
期刊 | 經學研究集刊 |
出版日期 | 20120500 |
卷期 | 12 2012.05[民101.05] |
頁次 | 頁29-48 |
分類號 | 097.2 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 發舉拂士; 輔弼; 堯舜; 禪讓; Rise/recommended; Assist a ruler in governing a country; Yao and Shun; Abdication; |
中文摘要 | 《孟子.告子下》〈舜發於畎畝之中〉章,乃中華兩岸國語文教育所必選之教材,其中闡明「天降大任」,「生於憂患,死於安樂」之理,實我中華文化中道德與意志教育之名言鴻篇。 文中孟子列舉古代人物:舜、傅說、膠鬲、管夷吾、孫叔敖、百里奚等六者,唯於舜用「發」,而其他五人則皆以「舉」稱之。歷來學者以及教學參考書等多未能說明其中涵義。其實用「發」與用「舉」之別,此與孟子之政治思想相關。蓋孟子以為天子可舉用賢臣良相,然於傳天下大寶,則不然。孟子以為堯傳帝位於舜,乃因天受之,民受之,諸侯往附,萬民謳歌,百神享祭,是天與之,民與之,而非天子以私意傳授可得也。舜既身為天子,故不可以「舉」稱之而別用「發」論,與傅說等五者有差也。 至於文中「拂士」一詞,國語文教材多以「輔佐國君之賢士」解之。朱熹謂「拂,與弼同。‥‥‥拂士,輔弼之賢士也」。以「輔」訓解「拂(弼)」,其義有差。「輔」之與「拂(弼)」,古蓋相對之詞,「輔」乃正面之詞,「拂(弼)」則為反向之義;見諸先秦文獻,「輔」與「拂(弼)」其義不同,不可泛用。所謂「拂(弼)士」,乃指能拂逆國君不當行為,勇於矯正天子之過失者。是「拂」字可直讀ㄈㄨˊ(fuˊ),讀為「弼」亦可,唯不當以「輔佐」訓解也。 |
英文摘要 | The Chapter "Shun rose from the fields" (舜發於畎畝之中) in Mencius is a very famous teaching material of Chinese language education on both Mainland China and Taiwan because it talks about the tempering process of the great emperor Shun (舜). But there are at least two problematic cases of exegetical interpretation found in it. First, among the six ancient elites enumerated in this chapter: Shun, Fu Yue, Jiao ge, Guan Yiwu, Sunshu ao, Baili Xi, only Shun was said as "rising" (發) , while the five others were said as "recommended" (舉). Up to present, the reason why Shun was so special has not been fully explained yet by scholars as well as by teaching aids. Actually, it was Mencius who argued that Shun as an emperor should not be thought as succeeding to the throne by the will of the former emperor Yao (堯), but by that of the Heaven, which was in turn represented indirectly by the choice of the people of all the four corners. Second, the term "fu-shi" or "bi-shi"(拂士) in this chapter was also usually interpreted as "gentlemen of assistance" by scholars, even Chu Xi (朱熹), as well as by teaching aids. But in fact this "fu" or "bi"( 拂) is contrary to "assistance" as meaning rather "remonstration." It was also Mencius who proposed that a great ruler had better to have some gentlemen of remonstration to make him not give orders too arbitrarily. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。