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題 名 | 論國際貿易摩擦的深層原因及其邏輯對策=Causes of International Trade Friction and Approaches to Prevent Friction |
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作 者 | 曹榮慶; | 書刊名 | WTO研究 |
卷 期 | 9 2008[民97] |
頁 次 | 頁87-119 |
分類號 | 558 |
關鍵詞 | 國際貿易; 比較優勢學說; 貿易保護主義; 反傾銷調; International trade; Comparative advantage theory; Trade protectionism theory; Antidumping investigations; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 在世界經濟強烈發展的推動下,特別是在WTO的宣導下,日益深化的國際貿易反過來進一步推動著世界各國的經濟列車滾滾向前,國際貿易也成了世界各國進一步發展本國經濟的重要支撐力量,由此貿易自由主義成為這個時代的一種基調;但是在另一方面,貿易保護主義又大行其道,無論是發展中國家還是發達國家,各種各樣的壁壘成為國際貿易領域更加普遍的現象。 特別是中國,在對外貿易依存度日漸提高的同時,又深受各種貿易壁壘的禍害,我國是當今遭遇反傾銷調查最多的國家。形成這種矛盾現象的原因在於,由斯密和李嘉圖所宣導的比較優勢學說已深入人心,每個國家都充分認識到推動國際分工和貿易能夠帶來的雙贏機會,但是在當今世界,比較優勢學說又存在著內外雙重局限:首先,在經濟發展水準不對稱的情況下,經過一個時期的自然發展,既定格局的國際分工和貿易所形成的福利分配必然會固化甚至強化不同國家經濟發展水準的不對稱性,基於“經濟人”的自利動機,弱勢國家拒絕現有的國際經濟格局顯然是非常自然的一種邏輯反應;其次,在比較優勢模型中,一個非常重要的前提假設是市場空間的無限性,也即兩個國家生產的所有商品都可以“出清”。 但是在現代社會中,凱恩斯主義已證明「有效需求不足」這個重大變化,也就是說,由於生產力水準的飛速發展,生產能力已大大超過消費能力,由此出現產能的大量過剩,市場的“出清”狀態已經非常遙遠和渺茫。在這種情況下,如何通過出口來最大限度地消化本國的生產能力,降低本國工人的失業比率,自然也就成了一個國家政府的首選政策。基於這種政策的互相碰撞,貿易保護主義總是被當作一種不可或缺的政策選擇貫穿於經濟政策之中。也正是因為如此,如何最大限度地克服比較優勢學說的雙重局限,也就成了當今世界各國決策者最大的困難和機會。但是就政策的理想選擇來說,貿易保護主義總是一種被動的、消極的政策選擇,特別是針對中國來說,如何在保證既有國家利益的前提下,積極地超越目前的貿易福利格局,通過創新達成技術升級,從而更大比率地佔據國家貿易的高端市場,從動“手”賺錢轉型到動“腦”賺錢,將是一種更加有效和積極的對應措施。 |
英文摘要 | Under the WTO initiative, the international trade which deepens day by day is impelling the economic train roll ahead at an accelerating pace. Nevertheless, protectionism seems to be gaining popularity among nation states at the same time, regardless of developing or developed country status. In the international trade domain, various barriers have become more universal phenomenon. Especially in the case of China , as the foreign trade dependence is rising gradually, it is in danger of being subjected to the trade barriers. In the world, China suffers the most number of antidumping investigation nowadays. The reason causing this kind of friction is the comparative advantage enjoyed by China which has been well explained by economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. From the comparative advantage theory, every country fully realized that emphasis on the international division of labour and international trade could bring about a win-win opportunity. However, in modern world, comparative advantage theory has dual limit both inside and outside. Firstly, under the circumstance of asymmetric economic development, the welfare which developed from existing structure and form of in the international division of labour and trade becomes unchangeable or even enhancing the asymmetry of economic development between different nations through a period of natural development. According to the self-serving motivation of "economic man", marginalised nations refuse to accept the existing international economic structure and form coalitions to protect their interests. Secondly, in the comparative advantage model, an important assumption is the infiniteness of the market space. Keynesian economic tradition tells us the need for employment and consumption. With global production far exceeding the local demand, the emergence of supply- demand inequilibrium is a major problem for policy makers. The decision makers have to decide between local employment generation and global efficiencies of production. In such a scenario, trade protectionism becomes an effective tool in the hands of a policy maker. However, in regard of the ideal policy choice, trade protectionism is always a kind of passive and negative policy choice. Especially to China , how to surmount a current trade surplus be furthered and how to reach technical upgrading through innovation, will be a valid and urgent measure. Only in this way, can a nation occupy a larger ratio in high end markets, and transform the way of making money by hand to by brain. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。