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題 名 | 說殷墟甲骨文中的「玉戚」=A Paleographic Analysis of the “Yù Qī” (Jade-battle-axe) Found in the Yinxu Oracle-bone Script |
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作 者 | 陳劍; | 書刊名 | 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 |
卷 期 | 78:2 2007.06[民96.06] |
頁 次 | 頁407-434 |
分類號 | 792.2 |
關鍵詞 | 殷墟甲骨文; 古文字考釋; 玉器; 玉戚; 琡; Yinxu oracle-bone script; Paleographic analysis; Jade objects; Yù qī; Jade-battle-axe; Chù; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 本文主要討論《殷墟甲骨刻辭類纂》頁1263收為3262號字頭釋作「玉」的那個字(以下用△代替),其代表字形作 、 。研究者大都承認,△字在卜辭中當是表示「玉器」一類意思或是專指某一種「玉器」,但對其字形則有釋讀為「朋」、「寶」、「玉」、「珏」、「琮」和「賏」等多種異說。從近年所見甲骨論著看,似乎信從釋「玉」和釋「琮」兩說的研究者最多。 本文排比分析殷墟甲骨文中△字的不同形體,聯繫族氏金文中象形性更強的△字,通過跟殷墟甲骨文中「戚」字的象形字形和出土的商周「玉戚」實物之形仔細比較,論證了△是玉戚的象形字,其字形象鋒刃朝上放置的兩側有齒牙形扉棱的戚體之形。 接下來本文進一步梳理△及以它為偏旁的字在殷墟甲骨文裏的用法,指出義「玉戚」的△在卜辭中或用為祭品,或用為臣下向商王等的獻納之物。以△為偏旁的字有些跟△用法也相同,當是其假借字或繁體。 最後本文結合「戈」與「圭」、「王」與斧鉞類武器「揚」在字形和讀音上相類似的平行關係,認為「玉戚」字△的讀音可能與「戚」相近,△是由武器「戚」轉化為禮玉,又將「戚」字讀音稍加改變而來。據此推測,「玉戚」字△就是《爾雅‧釋器》裏的「琡」字,其他古書和出土文獻裏或寫作「□(璹)」、「□」,或假借「□」字為之。 |
英文摘要 | The central topic of this article is the character identified as yù 玉 in the Yinxu jiagu keci leizuan, page 1263, entry 3262 (indicated below with the symbol △). Typical forms for this graph are and . The majority of scholars agree that the graph △ refers to a category of yùqì 玉器 (jade objects) or specifically denotes a particular type of jade object, and several different transcriptions have been suggested, for example péng 朋, bǎo 寶, yù玉, jué 珏, cóng 琮 and yīng 賏. On the basis of recent works on oracle-bone inscriptions, it seems that yù and cóng are the most commonly employed transcriptions. The present work analyzes the different forms of the character △ found on the Yinxu oracle bones, along with the more pictographic forms of the character found on bronze inscriptions. This article makes a detailed comparison of these graphs with the oracle-bone script character qī 戚 and compares its form to that of excavated Shang and Zhou yù qī 玉戚 (jade-battle-axes). Extensive comparison demonstrates that △ is a pictograph depicting the head of such a yù qī. The graph shows the upwards-facing blade and its notched sides. The paper then surveys the usage in the Yinxu oracle-bone script of △ and other graphs in which it appears as a component, showing that the character △ is used in the inscriptions to denote a sacrificial offering or an object presented by a subordinate to a superior, such as the Shang king. Among graphs which use △ as a component, some have the same usage as △ itself, suggesting that these are loangraphs or complex variant forms. Finally this paper looks at the relationship between the character forms and ancient Chinese pronunciations of gē 戈 and guī 圭 on one hand, and between wáng 王 and the axe-type weapon yáng 揚 on the other, and parallels this with the △ and qī, suggesting that the pronunciation of the word denoted by △ (depicting the head of a yù qī) should probably be close to that of qī, or “battle-axe.” The character △ depicts a ceremonial jade which developed from the weapon qī, and its pronunciation is derived from that of the word qī. It is conjectured that the graph △ corresponds to the character chù 琡 found in section of the Er ya entitled Shì qì 釋器 (explanation of vessels). In other early transmitted texts and excavated materials, the word is written as □ (shú 璹), □ and sometimes the character □ is borrowed to denote the word. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。