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| 題 名 | Creating the New North American Community: NAFTA, Dispute Settlement, and the Asian Connection=建構新北美社群：北美自由貿易區、爭端解決機制與亞洲的關連性 |
|---|---|
| 作 者 | 柯爾頓; | 書刊名 | WTO研究 |
| 卷 期 | 5 民95 |
| 頁 次 | 頁1-37 |
| 分類號 | 558.15 |
| 關鍵詞 | 北美自由貿易區; 爭端解決機制; 北美社群; NAFTA; Dispute settlement; North American community; |
| 語 文 | 英文(English) |
| 中文摘要 | 2006年3月美國、加拿大、墨西哥三國元首於坎昆舉行高峰會時曾爭辯北美自由貿易區的過去成就與未來前景。對加拿大來說，北美自由貿易區的成就與前景並不突出。北美自由貿易區的爭端解決機制迄今未能達到加拿大所預期的結果。另外一個三國間的爭議在於911事件後受驚嚇的的美國欲加強邊界管控，根據最新民調顯示，加拿大人並不喜歡美國總統布希也不願接近他所領導的美國。由此可見似無強烈理由相信坎昆高峰會能促成北美自由貿易區的成功以及讓人有信心地下結論能在北美自由貿易區基礎上構建下一個世代的北美社群。 作者認為這種一般看法並不適宜，因為此一看法是錯誤的。北美自由貿易區對加拿大以及其北美伙伴都相當有用。在這個逐漸浮現且更佳同質的北美社群裡，北美自由貿易區已在貿易與環境社群以及對其中的企業與公民產生有效的作用。作者認為有很好的基礎來建立下一世代更深化的北美社群，並運用北美自由貿易區成為一個已被證明的制度根基。但同時也有相同的好理由來擴展北美自由貿易區與北美社群，將其與鄰近國家或地區更緊密聯繫，特別是跨越亞太地區。因此，亞洲國家與東協可以從北美自由貿易區學習到許多，反之亦然，包括這兩個區域貿易協定如何更緊密地聯繫。 本文第一部份回顧1994年之後十年內，北美自由貿易區建制所帶來創新爭端解決機制的紀錄。第二部分顯示北美自由貿易區對企業運作極具良好功效，特別是對正在融入一個整體北美市場的美國、加拿大、墨西哥企業社群。第三部分討論北美自由貿易區如何對工人與其社群起作用，特別是對表現良好的環境與勞工利益共享者。第四部分說明北美自由貿易區如何為了北美大眾運作，使其贊同未來更強化社群建立的過程。如第五部分所言，下一世代的社群建立能夠也應該向除深化之外，還有制度上強化以及擴展北美自由貿易區的面向前進。第六部分概述該過程如何對北美自由貿易區自身快速地整合為向外看的區域基礎產生直接關連。結論則指出太平洋兩岸強化的區域社群應該藉由未來增強的雙方對話與伙伴關係來建立各自的社群。 |
| 英文摘要 | As the leaders of the United States, Canada and Mexico assemble on March 30-1, 2006 in Cancun, Mexico for only their second stand-alone trilateral summit in modern times, North Americans are debating the past accomplishment and future prospects of the North American Free Trade Agreement that launched their new regional community on January 1, 1994. Judging by the headlines, the dominant views of Canadians on what NAFTA has accomplished and what lies ahead are, in both cases “not much.” At the centre of the first ever face-to-face bilateral encounter as leaders between newly elected Canadian prime Minister Harper and veteran U.S. President Bush during their time in Cancun is the long standing softwood lumber dispute between the two countries, where all the complex NAFTA dispute settlement mechanisms have thus far failed to produce the results Canada expected and desired, or even any resolution of the dispute at all. Another burning dispute among all three leaders concerns the border controls a 911 scarred America seeks to impose on the many millions of North Americans who cross the U.S. border both ways to work in the old natural resource, mid-life manufacturing and new service and knowledge economy of a now integrated continent. With the latest polls showing that Canadians don’t like President Bush and don’t want to get close to the U.S. he leads, there is little to suggest that Cancun will catalyze a confident conclusion about NAFTA’s striking success and a NAFTA and North America Community for the next generation can be build on this base. This quick conventional wisdom is unfortunate because it is largely incorrect. For NAFTA has worked well for Canada, and for its North American partners as well. Within the emerging and ever more common North American community it has worked well for both the trade and environmental communities, and for its corporations and citizens as well. There are thus good ground indeed for building a deeper North American community for the next generation, and using NAFTA and its sister bodies as a proven and in place institutional base. But there are also equally good ground for simultaneously broadening NAFTA and the North American community, to connect it more closely with partner countries and regions, especially across the Asia Pacific, where the booing growth and socio-environmental challenges of the twenty first century largely lie. There is thus much for Asians and their ASEAN to learn from NAFTA, and for North Americans and NAFTA to learn from ASEAN, including how the two regional trade agreements and regions can more closely connect. To develop this argument this paper’s first section reviews the first decade record of the innovative dispute settlement mechanisms that the new NAFTA regime brought to North America in 1994. The second sections shows that NAFTA has worked very well for corporations, particularly for an American, Canadian and Mexican business community now integrating for an all North American marketplace. The third sections demonstrates how it works for workers and their communities, especially for environmental and labour stakeholders that are doing well. The fourth section details how NAFTA has worked for the North American public which has come to approve the process in ways that support stronger community building efforts in the years ahead. As the fifth section argues, this next generation community building effort could and should take place in ways that not only deepen, but also institutionally “thicken” and broaden NAFTA. The sixth section outlines how this process will have direct relevance for, and from Asia, itself integrating on an outward looking regional basis very fast. The seventh section thus concludes that the strengthening regional communities on both sides of the Pacific should work together to build their respective communities through an enhanced NAFTA-ASEAN dialogue and partnership in the years ahead. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。