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題名 | 俄羅斯智慧財產權法律=A Research Report on the Development of Russian IPR |
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作者 | Tsikun, Marina; 瑪麗娜; |
期刊 | 清華科技法律與政策論叢 |
出版日期 | 20050600 |
卷期 | 2:2 民94.06 |
頁次 | 頁225-269 |
分類號 | 588.3 |
語文 | eng |
關鍵詞 | 俄羅斯; 智慧財產權; |
中文摘要 | 本研究報告想探討俄羅斯智慧財產權的動機受到下列幾點的啟發:第一,本身的學習經驗。身為交換學生,在國立清華大學科技法律研究所的學習過程,以及參與相關研究與報告經歷,致使論文想從事該方面的探討。筆者將概略介紹俄羅斯法律制度,並對俄羅斯智慧財產權法做初步分析,以使讀者對俄羅斯法律制度,特別是智慧財產權法有一蓋括性了解。 第二,受到俄羅斯現今的經濟發展情況的啟發。俄羅斯被點名為「金磚四國」(BRICs)的成員之一,因此俄羅斯聯邦被預測,未來將成為世界經濟四大國之一。此部分的潛力已在經濟上有所表現:從1998年俄羅斯的國民生產額(GDP)達到6%¹,是世界上最高的經濟成長率之一。工業產值成長4.9%²,通貨膨脹為10%(1996年為22%³)。俄羅斯政府計畫將在2010年達到GDP的雙倍成長,但這必須仰賴投資才能達成目標。目前俄羅斯境內已有大量的投資,特別是天然資源的開發。但是,良好的投資環境更須仰賴多方面的配合:例如科學研究,電信工業及智慧財產權等的健全。為了吸引更多的投資者,俄羅斯必須發展良好的投資環境,特別是法律方面的健全完備,才能保護國家以及外國投資者免於智慧財產權的侵犯。智慧財產權的侵權行為包括了對專利、商標、著作權、仿冒、盜版等的侵犯,這樣的情形不只存在於新投資者,也存在於國外和俄羅斯境內,更是在俄羅斯作生意的最大障礙。智慧財產權對俄羅斯和外資企業是非常重大的議題,牽涉到腐敗貪污、缺乏政治堅持、不健全的法律制度和犯罪懲罰規定,以及立法人才與司法官員的訓練、教育與資格問題,這些都妨礙了俄羅斯期望在智慧財產權方面提供更多保護的願景。這樣的情況使得俄羅斯政府因偽鈔問題損失了無數的稅收,也妨礙了俄羅斯加入世界貿易組織(WTO)的資格,甚至在某些案例中,出現偽造醫藥、食物與其他物品,威脅到俄羅斯公民的健康與安全。 雖然俄羅斯智產權的立法機構存在,但這卻有認知上與保護範圍上的差距。像是智產權貿易相關條款(TRIPs--Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights),應編入專利、商標與著作權保護之法律條文。這些條款的加入會強化既有的立法內容,並使俄羅斯政府能將智慧財產權的標準提升以適應國際規範。 第三,這只是對俄羅斯智慧財產權研究的一小步,目的只是期望指出俄羅斯智慧財產權的立法系統缺失,並藉由不同的研究方法,找出俄羅斯在發展智慧財產權的法律制定過程中,能夠借鏡與學習的臺灣經驗。 |
英文摘要 | This work on Russian IPR was inspired by several significant factors: First, coming the author as an exchange student to ILST, NTHU, starting master program and doing research in related field. The writer made an overview and a short analysis on legal regulations of intellectual property rights in Russia, with the purpose that it will help the readers to get acquainted with Russia itself and particularly with its IPR law system. Second is about the present economic development of Russia. Having being pointed out as part of BRICs, Russian Federation is supposed to become one of the largest forth in the world economy. It already demonstrates strong economic performance: Russia ended 2004 with its sixth straight year of growth, averaging 6.5% annually since the financial crisis of 1998¹, industrial production growth of 4,9%², inflation-10% (22%-1996 year) ³. Russian government future plans are double GDP by 2010. But it will be hard to achieve this aim without investments. Russia is already receiving great amount of investments mostly into extractive industries. But good investment opportunities also lie in such fields as: scientific research, the telecoms industry, and other IPR related fields. For attracting more investments into these industries Russia should develop good investment climate, especially legal environment, which will protect national and foreign investor from IPR violation. Intellectual property rights violations, including trademark and patent infringement, counterfeiting, copyright violations and piracy, not only inhibit new investment, both foreign and domestic, but are also significant obstacles to doing business in Russia. This issue is extremely important to both the Russian and foreign business communities, who cite corruption, lack of political will, weak laws and criminal penalties, and inadequate education and training of law enforcement and judicial officials as key impediments to better IPR protection in Russia. The problem costs the Russian government billions of rubles in uncollected tax revenues and duties from counterfeit producers; it impedes Russia's efforts to join the World Trade organization; and in some cases, places the health and safety of Russian citizens at risk from second-rate counterfeit products, including pharmaceuticals, food and other goods. Though an IPR legislative framework exists, it suffers from significant gaps, such as the incorporation of key Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) provisions into relevant laws for the protection of patents, trademarks and copyrights. Incorporating such provisions would strengthen the existing legislation and enable the Russian government to raise the level of IPR protection to conform to international norms. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。