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題名 | 傳統知識之保護初探=A Preliminary Study on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge |
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作者 | 郭華仁; 陳昭華; 陳士章; 周欣宜; Kuo, Warren H. J.; Chen, Jau-hwa; Chen, Shih-chang; Chou, Shin-yee; |
期刊 | 清華科技法律與政策論叢 |
出版日期 | 20050300 |
卷期 | 2:1 民94.03 |
頁次 | 頁49-99 |
分類號 | 588.3 |
語文 | chi |
關鍵詞 | 傳統知識; 智慧財產; 生物多樣性公約; 原住民; 地方社區; Traditional knowledge; Intellectual property; CBD; Indigenous people; Local communities; |
中文摘要 | 傳統知識的定義頗為廣泛,本文的討論主要侷限於傳統生態知識,包括對環境中生物與非生物的認知與使用的知識。文中先對傳統知識的特性加以分析,其次就傳統知識保護的方式列論,並對我國原住民傳統知識的現況予以陳述,最後提出傳統知識保護的問題與解決之道。 藉由傳統知識與現代科技的比較,可知傳統知識有其特殊性:(1)傳統知識具有整體性;(2)傳統知識具變動性,因社會環境變遷而演進;(3)傳統知識的起源乃是經由集體創作而成,其創造者通常不可考;(4)傳統知識之傳遞基於代代口耳相傳;(5)傳統知識常歸屬於某個特定居住地域的人民。 傳統知識之保護方式可分為兩大類:一為以智慧財產權以外之方式保護者;另一為以智慧財產權方式保護者。前者包括落實CBD、農糧條約等國際公約等所明定,關於遺傳資源或傳統知識的事前知情同意、充分揭露及利益共享機制等規範。而後者又可要分為二:一為積極性保護;二為防禦性保護。積極性保護係以既有之智慧財產權體制保護,如專利法、商標法、植物新品種保護法、營業秘密法等,或以特別法保護。防禦性保護包括建立傳統知識的註冊或資料庫,並列入「先前技術」,使竊取傳統知識申請專利者,將因喪失新穎性而無法取得專利。這些方式在若干國家已經有專法或者資料庫案例進行實質的保護。 以智慧財產權以外之特別法保護方面,目前已有若干國家定有特別規定,但規範方式不一,有的採註冊制度,即傳統知識經註冊後始受保護;有的則不採註冊制度,由政府予以調查,但不論何者,目的均在建立資料庫,進而使事前知情同意及利益共享機制得以落實。 我國原住民族傳統知識相當豐富,近百年來的調查紀錄也頗多,然而由於社會結構語生和貫習的變遷,目前關於傳統知識的保護,面臨若干問題,包括權利歸屬主體認定的困難、權利行使方式的困難、以及國家/社群利益衝突的困難等。 鑑於傳統知識整體性的特性,以現有智慧財產權體系加以保護,難免造成片段性保護之現象。傳統知識周全的保護,有賴於在現有智財權體系之外另輔以特別法,而該特別法乃奠基於廣泛與可行的資料庫或註冊工作。 |
英文摘要 | This article contributes to the discussion of the protection of traditional knowledge (TK) in its stricter sense, that is, traditional ecological knowledge which includes the perception and way of utilization of both biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. We will at first analyze the characters of TK, followed by examination of different instruments protecting TK. Status quo of the TK of Taiwanese indigenous peoples will be stated. Finally the problems and their solutions will be discussed. By comparing TK and modern science and technology, the characteristics of TK are revealed as: a.) The TK is holistic in nature; b.) TK is variable, and may continue to evolve in response to changes of the social and biophysical environment; c.) TK is collectively created, and the innovator is often unidentifiable; e.) TK is transmitted orally from generation to generation; d.) TK is often shared among specific community members. TK protection can be achieved by either IP or non-IP instruments. Non-IP protection includes protection of genetic resources to TK with prior consent of indigenous people or local communities, adequate disclosure, as well as the benefit sharing mechanism provided by the CBD, international germplasm treaty, and other international agreements. IP protection for TK is of two kinds: one is positive legal protection, and the other is defensive protection. Positive protection is the protection under the existing IP system, such as patent law, Trademark law, Law of Protection of new Varieties Plants and Trade secret law, or under a sui generis system. Defensive protection includes, for example, establishing TK registers or databases including information concerning TK as prior technology to prevent others from patenting TK. There are examples of national laws or databases that substantially protect TK. Furthermore, regarding the sui generis system excluded from IP rights, until now there has been a certain amount of countries establishing specific laws but in different ways to protect TK. Some adopt register system, which TK is protected only after finishing the register; some, otherwise, adopt investigation system by governments rather than register. However, the purpose of either system is to establish databases so that the prior consent and benefit-sharing systems can be more practicable. Indigenous peoples of Taiwan possess extensive TK, some of which were recorded during the last century. However, due to changes in social structure and custom, the protection of TK now facing some difficulties. Such as difficulties in determining the ownership of the rights of TK, difficulties in deciding how to exercise the right of TK, and which take priority when the interests of the nation nd the community conflict? Regarding the holistic and the complex characteristics of traditional knowledge, it is argued that IP instruments provide at best fragmentally protection of TK. In order to pursue more complete protection, a complementary sui generis system that is based on a comprehensive and workable database or registry works should be considered. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。