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題名 | Noun Phrase Structure and Focus Marking in Kavalan=噶瑪蘭語的名詞組結構及焦點表現 |
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作者 | 忻愛莉; Hsin, Aili; |
期刊 | 清華學報 |
出版日期 | 19960900 |
卷期 | 26:3 1996.09[民85.09] |
頁次 | 頁323-364 |
分類號 | 803.99 |
語文 | eng |
關鍵詞 | 中心詞前置; 中心詞後置; 名詞性修飾語; 述語性修飾語; 主事者焦點; 受事者焦點; 語用性焦點標記; Head-first; Head-final; Nominal modifier; Verbal modifier; Agent-focus; Patient-focus; Pragmatic focus marker; |
中文摘要 | 噶瑪蘭語的各詞組大致可分對等結構及偏正結構二種。對等結構之名詞組中,除了複合名詞必需以tu來聯結外,大都以並列方式表現,不需連接詞。偏正結構之名組有中心語前置與中心語後置二類,前者表現在名詞與名詞性修飾語,例如,人稱代詞所有格、名詞所有格、指示詞、與處所修飾語等,相聯結的時候;而後者則表現在名詞與述語性修飾語,例如,形容詞、數詞、動詞變體詞等,相聯結的情形下。 噶瑪蘭語句子是以動詞開始,所以中心語前置應是較普遍、無標之結構。而上面中心語後置的結構中,修飾語大都具有動詞性的特徵,故這些結構應是由名子名詞化而來,保留了原句子之詞序而在動詞之後加?ay,使述語動詞名詞化而能修飾名詞。 另外,焦點結構在噶瑪蘭語中是句子很重要的支架,句子分為主事者焦點及受事者焦點二種。主語名詞組是全句的焦點所在,由不同格位來表現不同焦點型式,並與動詞的焦點加綴配合一致。在噶瑪蘭語中,焦點名詞組只能出現在主語位置。這種現象並有其他證據支持,例如,主語也是唯可以在其他焦點句型中掌握焦點之語法位置,例如強調句的焦點名詞組、疑問句的疑問詞、以及關係子句的先行詞等,都只有主語才可擔任。 |
英文摘要 | Noun phrases in Kavalan can be divided into coordinate and subordinate constructions. Coordinate noun phrases, except compounds which require an obligatory connector tu, are composed of two juxtaposed nouns or noun phrases and no conjunction is needed. Subordinate noun phrases are of two kinds: head first and head final. The former is ssen in combining the head noun with nominal modifiers, such as possessive pronouns, possessive nouns, demonstratives, and locative phrases. The latter is used in combining the head noun with attributive or verbal modifiers, such as adjectives, numerals, and verbals. Kaalan is a verb-initial language, so the head-first structure is probably the major and unmarked phrasal construction. If so, the head-final noun phrases must exist for a particular reason. My analysis is that the modifiers in the head-final noun phrases, i.e. adjectives, numbers, present and past participles, all have the feature [+V]. Tat is, they are originally the originally the predicate of a sentence and then get nominalized by adding a nominal marker? ay. The original VP+Np sentential word order is still kept in the newly-formed noun phrase, and thus generates the head-final structure. Focus plays an important role in Kavalan sentences, which are either agentf-focused (AF) or patient-focused (PF). The subject is the only position for a focused NP and the case marking of the subject is in agreement with the AF-PF affixation of the main verb in the sentence. Other pieces of evidence proving the subject to be the only focused NP of sentence are that only the subject NP can occur in the focused position in emphatic sentences, undergo wh-movements, or be modified by relative clauses. |
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