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題名 | 樞紐設施原則及電信、科技產業的樞紐設施問題=The Essential Facilities Doctrine and Its Implications in the Communication and High-Tech Industries |
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作者 | 張長樹; | 書刊名 | 公平交易季刊 |
卷期 | 9:4 2001.10[民90.10] |
頁次 | 頁25-88 |
分類號 | 555.9、555.9 |
關鍵詞 | 樞紐設施原則; 電信產業; 科技產業; 競爭法; |
語文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 概略言之,樞紐設施原則意指:獨占者同時參與鄰接市場之競爭,而獨占者所掌握之樞紐設施係參進鄰接市場不可或缺之原素,則獨占者不得拒絕以合理價格提供該樞紐設施予鄰接市場內之競爭者;設施是否具有樞紐性,係以產業競爭之觀點,判斷其對於鄰接市場競爭狀態所造成之缺陷,是否足以造成顯著傷害,且不能預期市場可自行調整回復競爭狀態,作為決定標準。當然各國競爭法上對此一原則的具體實踐內容,有所不同,主現出不同的政策思考。 這項來自美國反托拉斯法上的法則,對於垂直整合的獨占者濫用其源自於樞紐設施的獨占力量,切斷上下游競爭者使用樞紐設施以參進市場之機會,妨害上下游市場的競爭時,課予獨占者應以平等條件與競爭者交易的義務。此一法則不同於傳統上競爭法對於違法行為科處罰款或刑罰之作法,亦非採取最激進的垂直解構之救濟方式。這樣的概念固然有其吸引人之處,但是卻潛藏著與市場機制所本的財產自由理念相衝突的危險,也因此樞紐設施原則在競爭法上出現時,總是不難發現它的反對者如影隨形。 本文第一章從競爭法與經濟管制之互動,引介樞紐設施原則在法制演進上之地位及其意義。第二章整理介紹關於樞紐設施原則在競爭法上的理論及其具體的內容主張。 工業國家相繼在競爭法中確立了樞紐設施原則,作為管制改革及私有化後,競爭法因應新市場結構及剩餘獨占力的策略。本文第三章選擇美國、歐體及澳洲這三個截然不同、各具特色的競爭法制,作為比較對象,對照出樞紐設施原則在不同法制背景及政策考量下的差異。基於外國法的經驗,本文第四章嘗試在我國的公平交易法上催生此一原則。 在各種產業的管制改革的過程中,樞紐設施原則在各國普遍地出現。但此種各別產業的競爭改革,潛藏著架空競爭法一般規範,或與一般規範相衝突的危機。因此,本文後半部將討論樞紐設施原則在這些產業改革過程中的實踐內容及其產生的問題。 本文第五章詳細討論電信產業改革中的樞紐設施問題。我國正進行電信自由化,此一產業對於我國整體經濟競爭力有重大影響,電信業具有與其他網路結構產業不同的特色,即電信產業中經由樞紐設施所產生的商品服務最具多樣性,而其他網路結構產業雖然也有樞紐設施問題,但是基本上產品是單一的,例如電能、天然氣等,電信業的市場狀況較複雜,需要更多篇幅的處理。 本文第六章將整理其他產業中的樞紐設施問題,包含目前正進行民營化的電業、石油。在廿一世紀勢必成為競爭法待解決課題的新科技產業中的樞紐設施問題,亦將在此章中予以討論。 第七章為本文的結論 |
英文摘要 | In general terms, the essential facilities doctrine means that if a dominant firm competes in its adjacent market and it controls the essential facility without which its competitors in the adjacent market cannot be active, then the dominant firms is mandated to provide access to that facility at a reasonable price to its competitors in that market. A facility is essential if significant that one cannot expect the market to restore the state of competition by itself. Nevertheless, while applying to individual cases, essential facilities doctrines vary significantly among legal regimes, reflecting different policy considerations. This doctrine originates from the United States case law. It obligates the dominant firm to deal with its competitors in non-discriminatory terms when the dominant firm integrates into its upstream or downstream market and abuses its market power arising from its control of the essential facilities to exclude its competitor from entering the market. It is different from traditional enforcement of competition laws, i.e. fines or criminal punishments. It provides a remedy without using the "elephant gun" -divestiture of the dominant firm. Fascinating though it may appear, it risks to collide with the fundamental idea of the free market - the right of property etc. Not surprisingly we find strong dissenting opinions in many essential facilities cases. Chapter one of this thesis starts from the interaction between competition laws and regulations, and introduced the essential facilities doctrines with its implications for legal development. Chapter Two describes the theories and practices of the essential facilities doctrine in the contest of competition laws. Industrial countries establish this doctrine in their competition laws as a strategy to counter the new industry structure and overcome the residual monopoly power problem that arise after regulatory reform and privatization. Three different competition regimes, namely, the United States, the European Union and Australia, each with its own special characteristics, are compared in chapter three to demonstrate how essential facilities doctrines vary according to its legal environment and policy considerations. With these experiences, Chapter Fur tries to advocate this rule in the Fair Trading Act. The essential facilities doctrine appears as a measure of industry reform in many countries. This trend of specific industry regulator rule, however, bears the risk that will undermine or contradict general competition law. The rest of this thesis focuses on these industrial reforms, and discusses its uprising problems. In Chapter Five there is a detailed discussion on the essential facilities issue of the telecommunication industry reform. The telecommunication industry itself plays a major role in the economy, and its also produces more diversified products and services than other infrastructure industries do, such as electricity and natural gas etc. The essential facilities problem in telecommunication industry is thus more complicated and deserves thorough discussion. The essential facilities problems in power and petroleum industries are covered in Chapter Six. Also in this chapter one can find the discussion of essential facilities problem in new technology industries, which is bound to be a controversial issue in the next century. Chapter Seven concludes the thesis. |
本系統之摘要資訊系依該期刊論文摘要之資訊為主。