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題 名 | 先秦諸子「無為」思想之探究=Investigation of The Pre-Qin Scholars' Thoughts about "Doing Nothing" |
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作 者 | 林文華; | 書刊名 | 美和技術學院學報 |
卷 期 | 18 2000.08[民89.08] |
頁 次 | 頁14-28 |
分類號 | 121.3 |
關鍵詞 | 無為; 無; 先秦諸子; Doing nothing; Space nothing; Pre-Qin scholars; |
語 文 | 中文(Chinese) |
中文摘要 | 「無為」一詞,一般皆以為是道家老莊思想的代表,其實先秦各家思想對此亦有許多不同的解釋,值得後人留意。 例如:儒家雖罕言「無為」,然而孔子偶亦云及,大致皆以道德實踐為主。道家談「無為」者,以老子、莊子為代表。老子提出「無為」以對「有為」,避免給人民過多的干擾。「無為」思想落實到人事則為「守柔」、「不爭」,落實到政治上則為「小國寡民」,皆是實踐無為的具體工夫。因此,老子的「無為」最終目的乃是要「無不為」。莊子則不然,其注重人生修養,而不看重現實社會,故其「無為」乃真不為,而追求一個純任自然、逍遙無為的人生境界。至於韓非子,則採用老子「無為」的觀念,作為國君控制臣下的技術,無為乃成為爭奪權勢的工具。其他各家言及無為者,如慎子等黃老學派、管子等稷下學派、荀子、呂氏春秋等,亦一併探討之。 所以無為一詞在先秦各家實有不同含義,不可一概視之,而有深入探究其內容精義,以收各家學說優點之必要。因此,本文嘗試以「無為」一詞,來探討諸子學說的不同,從而得到綜合性的體悟。 |
英文摘要 | "Doing nothing" is thought, in general, to be a representation of Laozi and Zhuangzi's important thoughts. In fact, other Pre-Qin scholars had various interpretations of "doing noting" Confucius talked about it at times, but mostly about morality. Laozi and Zhuangzi were the most important Taoist precursors in discussing "doing nothing." On one hand, Laozi presented "doing nothing" against "doing something" to avoid too much interference with common people. Putting the thought of "doing nothing" into practice in our daily life is "to keep gentle and soft" and "to struggle for nothing;" putting it in politics is "to keep a small country with a few people." Laozi's terminative goal of "doing nothing" was actually "doing everything." On the other hand, Zhuangzi focused on personal cultivation of the mind, rather than on realistic social affairs. His "doing nothing" really means doing nothing, and he wished to live a purley natural and surely carefree life. Moreover, Hanfeizi utilized Laozi's thought about "doing nothing" to help the king control his government officials. In addition, scholars' thoughts about "doing nothing" such as by Shenzi, Guanzi, Xunzi, Lu-shi-chun-qiu, etc., can be also worth referring. To sum up, the phrase of "doing nothing" meant variously to different Pre-Qin scholars. To utilize the advantages of every scholar' sthought, we have to investigate the underlying meaning of the phrase. This essay examines the difference in thought about "doing nothing" among scholars to get a holistic understanding about it. |
本系統中英文摘要資訊取自各篇刊載內容。